I-Ceramic Ball Valve Encyclopedia Imvelaphi Nentuthuko (Ingxenye I)

Imvelaphi Nentuthuko (Ingxenye I)

I. Ukuzalwa kuka I-Ceramic Ball Valves

Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bezimboni, insimbi yendabuko I-Ball Valvekancane kancane iveze imikhawulo engokwemvelo lapho isebenza ngaphansiIzinga Lokushisa Eliphezulu, ukugqwala okunamandla, kanye nokuklwebheka okukhuluizimo. Izinkinga ezinjengokugqwala okusheshayo, ukuguguleka okusheshayo, kanye nokusebenza kokuvala okungazinzile kubenze bangakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokulawula uketshezi eziqinile zezimboni ezifana ukucubungula amakhemikhali, i-metallurgy, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla.

Le nselele yezimboni ende yaveza isizukulwane esisha sama-valve asekelwe ku- izinto zobumba ezithuthukisiwe-- i I-Ceramic Ball Valve.

1. Ukuhlola Kwasekuqaleni kanye Nokuhluma Kwezobuchwepheshe (1940-1960)

I-Industrial Revolution yasheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zamalahle, amakhemikhali, kanye nezensimbi, okwabangela ukwanda okukhulu kwesidingo sokulawulwa koketshezi okuthembekile. Kodwa-ke, amavalvu ensimbi avamile ayevame ukuhlushwa yi- ukubhoboka, ukuvuza, kanye nokwehluleka okusheshayolapho kuphathwa izinto eziqukethe izinhlayiya eziqinile noma ezivezwe kuma-asidi aqinile nama-alkali. Izindleko eziphezulu zokulungisa kanye nezingozi zokuphepha kwaba yizinkinga ezingenakugwenywa.

Ngenxa yabo ubulukhuni obuphezulu, amandla aphezulu, ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuguguleka, kanye nokuqina okuvelele kwamakhemikhali, izinto zobumba zazisetshenziswa kabanzi kwezempi kanye nasezindizeni ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Njengoba intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iqhubeka, lezi zinto zanda kancane kancane zaba ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni zomphakathi, zabeka isisekelo sezinto zokwakha ama-valve ebhola lobumba.

Ngawo-1940, onjiniyela e- IJalimane kanye ne-United Statesbabe ngabokuqala ukuzama ukusebenzisa I-Alumina Ceramicsizingxenye zokuhlobisa ama-valve, okubonisa ukuqala kwe-ceramiI-valve ye-C ukuhlola. Kodwa-ke, ukulinganiselwa kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula ngaleso sikhathi kwaholela ekuminyaneni kwe-ceramic okungalingani kanye nokuqina okunganele. Izingxenye ze-ceramic zazivame ukuqhekeka ngaphansi kokushaywa uketshezi, futhi ukuvalwa okuthembekile phakathi kwezingxenye ze-ceramic nezihlalo zamavalvu ensimbi akukwazanga ukufezwa. Izinkinga ezinkulu zokuvuza zabangela ukuthi imizamo yocwaningo lwasekuqaleni ime.

Ngawo-1960, intuthuko kwezesayensi yezinto zokwakha yashintsha kakhulu lesi simo. Ubuchwepheshe bokucindezela obuyi-isostatickwenza kube nobuningi be-ceramic obufanayo, kuyilapho ukushisa okuphezulu kwandisa ubulukhuni kuya phezulu I-HRC 75Intuthuko ephumelelayo ye i-zirconia ne-silicon nitride ceramicsukuqina kuthuthuke kakhulu, kwaphula umbono osekunesikhathi eside wokuthi izinto zobumba zazibuthakathaka ngokwemvelo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkampani zaseJapan zahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokubumba ngobumba obunembilengomklamo wesakhiwo se-ball valve, ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibalulekile ezihlobene nokunemba kokubekwa kwebhola kanye nokunciphisa ukuvalwa. Lezi ntuthuko zabeka isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwezimboni kwe- I-Ceramic Ball Valves.

2. Ukwenziwa Kwezentengiselwano Nokuqinisekiswa Kobuchwepheshe (1970-1980)

NgoJanuwari 1975, iJapane Ukulinganisa kwenkampani Fujikin Co., Ltd.wasungula eyokuqala i-valve yobumba yohlobo lwe-plug, ekhiqizwe nge-99.5% ye-alumina ceramic. Lo mkhiqizo waba ngomunye wempumelelo yokuqala emele ubuchwepheshe be-ceramic valve. Ngo-1981, iFujikin yathola ukukhiqizwa okulandelanayo, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo umkhiqizo wawina imiklomelo kokubili eJapane nase-United States. Wasetshenziswa ngempumelelo embonini ye-semiconductor, lapho ubumsulwa obuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokungcoliswa kwe-ion yensimbi kwakubalulekile (qaphela: lo mkhiqizo wawuyi-valve yohlobo lwe-ceramic globe, edinga ukuqina kwe-ceramic okuphansi).

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi leli valve lalingelakhe isigaba se-valve esikhethekile, evame ukuchazwa ezincwadini njenge- ivalvu ehlala umuntu oyedwanoma ivalvu yenaliti enembile, ngezidingo zokuqina ezincane kakhulu. i-valve yebhola ye-ceramic yangempela, edinga amandla aphezulu kakhulu okuguquguquka kwezinto zobumba, ngokuvamile yaziwa ngokuthi yavela kamuva. Ngokusho kwamarekhodi atholakalayo, I-Nil-Cor (e-USA)kubhalwe phansi umhlaba "I-Ball Valve Yokuqala Ene-Ceramic"ku 1980, lapho izicelo zokuqala zezimboni eziqinisekisiwe zivela khona 1985.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, onjiniyela baseYurophu baqaphela ukumelana nokugqwala okumangalisayo kanye nobunzima bezinto zobumba zobunjiniyela ezifana i-alumina (Al₂O₃)futhi i-zirconia (ZrO₂), okwenza zifaneleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okunamandla ekucutshungulweni kwamakhemikhali, ukusansimbi, kanye nezitshalo zamandla okushisa. ubuchwepheshe bokuqinisa uguqukoku-zirconia, isizukulwane sokuqala se izitsha zobumba eziqinilekwavela, ngokuyisisekelo kwaxazululwa ukulinganiselwa kwamandla kwamabhola e-ceramic.

Okwamanje, amasu okugaya nokupholisha athuthukile avunyelwe ukuqeda ubuso obusezingeni lesibuko kanye nobubanzi obuphelelephakathi kwamabhola e-ceramic nezihlalo zamavalvu. Kulesi sigaba, ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe kwamavalvu ebhola e-ceramic kwaqinisekiswa ngokugcwele, futhi izimo zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zase zisebenza.

II. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwama-Ceramic Ball Valve

1. Ukuthuthukiswa Okubalulekile Kwezobuchwepheshe (1990s)

Ukuze kulungiswe ubuthakathaka obungokwemvelo bezinto zobumba, abacwaningi bethule izithasiselo ezikhethekile, izinqubo zokuhlanza ezenziwe kahle, kanye ne-nanotechnology, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuqina kanye namandla okusebenza. Izakhiwo ezincane ze-ceramic zaba zifana kakhulu, amaphutha angaphakathi ancipha, futhi ukuthembeka okuphelele kwanda kakhulu.

Ekukhiqizeni, ukwamukelwa kwe Ukugaya ngokunemba kwe-CNCkwenza kube nokulawulwa okunembile kobukhulu bebhola nezihlalo kanye nokungaguquguquki kobuso. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zokuzigcoba ze-ceramics, ukubopha amabhangqa kufinyelele ekuthinteni okuqinile kakhulu. Amazinga okuvuza angalawulwa ngezansi 10⁻⁶ Pa·m³/s, ingcono kakhulu kunezivikelo zensimbi ezivamile.

2. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni Emhlabeni Wonke (Ekupheleni Kwama-1980–Ekuqaleni Kwama-1990)

Lesi sikhathi saphawula isikhathi esibalulekile sokuguquka njengoba ama-valve ebhola le-ceramic eshintsha esuka ocwaningweni lwelabhorethri aye ekusetshenzisweni okukhulu kwezimboni. Ukuthuthukisa izimboni ezisindayo emhlabeni wonke kwakudinga ngokushesha ama-valve akwazi ukumelana nokugqwala nokuguguleka, futhi ama-ceramic asheshe aqashelwa ngezinzuzo zawo zokusebenza eziphelele.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo:
I-Sumitomo Chemical (eJapan) ithuthukise kakhulu ukuqina ngokuthuthukisa i-zirconia ezinzile ye-yttria, kuyilapho iCorning (USA) ithuthukise izinqubo zokugaya nokwakha i-powder, ifinyelela ukunemba kobukhulu be-valve component engu-±0.01 mm.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo yesevisi:
Isikhathi sokuphila kwama-ceramic sealing pairs sandiswa yi- Izikhathi ezi-5–10uma kuqhathaniswa nezingxenye zensimbi, okunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokulungisa.

Ukumiswa:
Ngo-1992, i- I-American Petroleum Institute (API)kufakwe izidingo zokubopha ze-ceramic ku- I-API 6D - Amavalvu Ephayiphi, ukukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwezindinganiso embonini.

Amaphethini okuthuthukiswa kwesifunda:

I-united states:
Ukwamukelwa kwezimboni kwasekuqaleni kwenzeka ngo-1985, lapho iNil-Cor isebenzisa ama-valve ebhola le-ceramic kwa-Chemlink Petroleum Inc. (Oklahoma) ukulawula uketshezi olune-asidi ebolile kakhulu, okuxazulula ngempumelelo ukwehluleka okuvamile kwama-valve e-fiberglass.
Ngo-1988, I-Durcobabambisane nezikhungo zocwaningo lwe-ceramic ukwethula ama-valve ebhola avaliwe nge-ceramic ukuze kusetshenziswe amakhemikhali. Lawa ma-valve asetshenziswe ngempumelelo ohlelweni lwe-hydrochloric acid lwesitshalo se-Dow Chemical iFreeport, okwandisa impilo yenkonzo kusukela ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya eminyakeni engaphezu kwemibili.
Ngo-1990, iDurco yethula amavalvu ebhola le-ceramic amelana nokuguguleka ukuze kumbiwe imisele, okwandisa impilo yenkonzo kusukela enyangeni eyodwa kuya ezinyangeni ezingu-18 emayini yethusi yaseColorado.

IYurophu:
Kugxilwe ezixazululweni ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zezimo zokusebenza ezinzima. Ngo-1987, INeles (eFinland)ama-valve ebhola le-ceramic athuthukiswe kusetshenziswa I-zirconia ye-Mg-PSZukuxazulula ukuvuza okuvamile kumavalvu okusiza ukugaya i-pulp, okwandisa impilo yamavalvu kusukela ezinyangeni ezi-3-6 kuya eminyakeni emi-2-5.
Ngo-1996, I-Cera-System (eJalimane)kusetshenziswa ama-valve ebhola le-ceramic ezinhlelweni ze-PCI (injection yamalahle e-pulverized coal) zokuqhuma kwesithando, okwandisa impilo yesevisi cishe ngokuphindwe kasithupha futhi kunciphisa imvamisa yokulungisa ngaphezu kuka-60%.

IJapane:
Isebenzisa imboni yayo yobumba ethuthukisiwe, iJapane ilandele uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe izinto zokwakha - ivalvuimodeli yokuthuthukiswa. Ngo-1987, iFujikin yethula ama-valve ebhola le-zirconia ceramic, yafinyelela ekuvalekeni okungenakungcola ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezihlanzekile kakhulu ze-semiconductor futhi yabusa ngokushesha imakethe yamakhemikhali kagesi ephezulu.

IShayina:
E-China, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-valve ebhola le-ceramic kwaphawulwa yi- imibono esebenzayo kanye ne-R&D ezimele.
Ngo-1991, UDkt. Li Gang, umcwaningi we-postdoctoral ovela ku- IYunivesithi yaseTianjin, wajoyina Iqembu le-CSG (i-China Southern Glass Holding), ephethe umqondo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-valve ebhola le-zirconia ceramicUkuze kusekelwe lesi sinyathelo, I-Shenzhen CSG Structural Ceramics Co., Ltd.yasungulwa, kwathi uLi Gang waqokwa njengoMphathi Jikelele wayo wokuqala.

Ngokuthuthuka kwezimboni ze-zirconia ceramics e-CSG Structural Ceramics, inkampani kancane kancane yaziwa ngokuthi "I-Huangpu Military Academy" yemboni ye-zirconia ceramics yaseShayina, ukukhulisa isizukulwane sezinto zobumba kanye nethalente lobunjiniyela bama-valve.

Ku- Juni 1992, UMnu. Jin Haojunwajoyina i-CSG Structural Ceramics njengonjiniyela womkhiqizo. Ngu uSepthemba walowo nyaka, waklama futhi wathuthukisa ngempumelelo I-valve yokuqala yebhola le-ceramic yaseShayina. Ku 1993, umkhiqizo uphumelele ukuhlolwa kuzwelonke futhi wasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ku- izimboni zokudaya i-chlor-alkali kanye nendwangu, okuwuphawu lokuzalwa okusemthethweni kuka ama-valve ebhola le-ceramic akhiqizwe ekhaya eShayina.

Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ukuhlanganiswa okujulile kwe “ukusungula izinto ezintsha” kanye “nokuthuthukiswa kwemishini”akugcini nje ngokubhekana nezinselele zesikhathi eside ezibhekene nama-valve ezimboni kodwa futhi kwabeka ubuchwepheshe, ukulinganisa, kanye nezisekelo zemakethengentuthuko enkulu yomhlaba wonke yamavalvu e-ceramic ekhulwini lama-21.

3. Ukuphakama Kwamandla AmaShayina

(Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 - 2010)

Kuleli qophelo, isikhungo somhlaba wonke sobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo semakethe sama-valve ebhola le-ceramic saqala ukushintshakusuka eYurophu, e-United States, naseJapan kuya eShayina. Lokhu kuguquka kwakungekona ukudluliselwa okulula kwamandla okukhiqiza, kodwa kwakuwuguquko oluqhutshwa yi ukusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo okuzimele ngamabhizinisi aseShayina, okubenza bakwazi ukuthuthuka besuka ekubeni abalandeli babe amaphayona emikhakheni eminingi yesicelo.

Ku- 1993, kulandela ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwesicelo sokuqala saseShayina i-valve yebhola ye-ceramic ye-zirconia ejwayelekile—yathuthukiswa yiShenzhen CSG—kumaphrojekthi e-chlor-alkali e- Ukulinganisa i-Petrochemicalfuthi I-Qilu Petrochemical, umkhiqizo unikezwe i-patent ye-valve yebhola le-ceramic.

Ku- Septhemba 1993, ukuhlolwa kwempumelelo yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe okuhlelwe yi- Ihhovisi Lezesayensi Nobuchwepheshe Likamasipala waseShenzhen, okubandakanya ochwepheshe abadumile bama-valve nezinto zokwakha zasekhaya, baphetha ngazwi linye ukuthi i-valve yebhola le-ceramic yayiyi "Into yokuqala yasekhaya, efinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme lemikhiqizo efanayo yamazwe ngamazwe, kanye ne-valve efanele ukukhuthazwa kabanzi."

Ku- Okthoba 1993, ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezimboni okuphumelelayo, i-Shenzhen CSG yethulwa ngokushesha umklamo olandelanayo kanye nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi, ngesikhathi esifanayo kusheshiswa ukukhuthazwa kwemakethe.

Ku- Meyi 1995, ama-valve ebhola le-ceramic aqashelwa ngokubambisana njenge- "Umkhiqizo Omusha Kazwelonke ka-1995"yiKhomishini Yesayensi Nobuchwepheshe Kahulumeni, iBhange Lezimboni Nezentengiselwano laseShayina, uMnyango Wezabasebenzi, Ukuphathwa Kwezindaba Zochwepheshe Bezangaphandle Kahulumeni, kanye neHhovisi Lokugada Ngobuchwepheshe.

Ukuhlola kanye nokusebenza kwe-CSG ngawo-1990 akuzange kunqobe kuphela izinselele zokuqala zezinto zokwakha kanye nokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi watshala imbewu embonini yamavalvu e-ceramic yaseShayina, okufakazela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kufakwe ezinye esikhundleni sasekhaya kanye nentuthuko ezimele.

Okwamanje, UMnu. Wang Chen, unjiniyela e- Isikhungo Sikagesi saseTianjin Dagang, baphawula ukuthi ama-valve asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokususa umlotha kanye ne-slag ngokuvamile ahlala isikhathi eside kuphela Izinyanga ezi-4–6ngenxa yokuguga okukhulu. Ukuze axazulule le nkinga, wasungula I-Shengkai Valve Co., Ltd.ku Juni 1994, ngihola mathupha intuthuko ye amavalvu esango le-ceramiceyenzelwe ngqo ukukhiqizwa kukagesi, izimboni zensimbi, kanye nezamakhemikhaliukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zokuguga okukhulu.

Phakathi 1999 kanye no-2002, impumelelo kaShengkai ye-R&D yaqashelwa njenge Imikhiqizo Emisha Eyinhloko Kazwelonkeiminyaka emine ilandelana, kanye namaphrojekthi amaningi afakiwe eShayina Uhlelo Lwethoshifuthi Uhlelo lwe-"863" lobuchwepheshe obuphezuluInkampani ithole Isitifiketi se-DNV ISO 9001ngo-2000 futhi waqashelwa njenge- Ibhizinisi Likazwelonke Lobuchwepheshe Obuphezulungo-2001.

UTianjin Shengkai ubhekwa kabanzi njenge- iphayona lama-valve esango le-ceramic langempelakanye nomunye wabakhiqizi bokuqala bama-valve e-ceramic aphelele eShayina, kanye nabokuqala ukusebenzisa izitsha zobumba ze-aluminakuma-valve esango. Imikhiqizo yayo yandisa impilo yesevisi ngo Izikhathi eziyi-10–20uma kuqhathaniswa nama-valve ensimbi avamile, okuxazulula izinkinga zokuguguleka ezihlala isikhathi eside ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini. Ngemva kokufakwa ohlwini ku- I-NASDAQ ngo-2010, inkampani yaqala ukukhiqiza amavalvu ebhola le-ceramic.

Ku- Novemba 1995, UMnu. Zhang Zhongqiaokusukela kuWenzhou kwasungulwa I-Wenzhou Zhongli Valve Co., Ltd., ingena ekuthuthukisweni kwamavalvu ebhola le-ceramic ngokuthola izingxenye zesakhiwo se-ceramic ezivela ku-CSG. Inkampani ekuqaleni yagxila ku ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okulimaza kakhulu, ngiqongelela ulwazi olubalulekile ekushintsheni amavalvu abizayo ensimbi enhle ngezinketho zobumba.

Ku- 1996, Isitshalo Samakhemikhali saseFuxinyaba ngowokuqala ukwamukela ngokuphelele ama-valve ebhola le-ceramic e-Shenzhen CSG kuphrojekthi entsha, emele icala elikhulu kakhulu lesicelo se-ceramic ball valve lama-1990eShayina.

Ku- Juni 1998, UMnu. Jin Haojun, owayengunjiniyela oyinhloko e-CSG, wasungula Yantai Jintai Meilin, eqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwama-valve ebhola le-ceramic akhiqizwe ekhaya. Ngokwenza ngcono isakhiwo somkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka, wandisa ngempumelelo izindawo zokusetshenziswa kusukela ku- ukukhishwa kwe-flue gas desulfurization, i-blast furnace pulverized coal injection (PCI), kanye nokwelashwa kwensimbi eshisayoku- amakhemikhali amalahle, amakhemikhali e-silicon, amakhemikhali kasawoti, amakhemikhali amahle, i-metallurgy, kanye nezimboni zebhethri le-lithium.

Kulesi sihloko, sibukeze uhambo lwamavalvu ebhola le-ceramic kusukela ukuvela kobuchwepheshe bomhlaba wonkeku- intuthuko egxilile kanye nokukhula kwasekuqaleni eShayina.

Esigabeni esilandelayo, sizogxila ekutheni kanjani Ama-valve ebhola le-ceramic laseShayina, ngokusebenzisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eqhubekayo kanye nokuzibandakanya okujulile emakethe, kufezwe intuthuko ekhuphukayo kanye nokuncintisana komhlaba wonkeegagasini lezimboni lekhulu lama-21.